The View
A Return to Glory
Arab Universities on the World Stage
The Arab region is beginning to return to its historical place as a centre for higher education prestige.
By Professor Ghassan Aouad, Chancellor, Abu Dhabi University and Chair, QS Global Advisory Committee (Middle East)
Long before today's renowned institutions were established, the earliest universities flourished in the Arab world, marking a rich history that intertwines with an exciting present. The concept of a university as a centre for higher learning originated in the Arab and Muslim worlds, with roots tracing back to the Middle East.
The House of Wisdom in Baghdad was foundational in providing education across various disciplines, serving as a hub for scholars and a symbol of intellectual prosperity.
The first real universities emerged nearly 1,300 years ago, with Al-Zaytuna University in Tunisia established in 737, Al-Qarawiyyin in Morocco in 859, and Al-Azhar University in Egypt in 972. These institutions set the stage for what we recognize as universities today. While debates continue about which is the oldest continuously operating university, the legacy of these early centres of learning is undeniably influential.
Early Arab universities were not mere schools; they were organized institutions where students studied diverse subjects including religion, law, grammar, astronomy and medicine.
They awarded degrees similar to those of modern universities, thereby laying the groundwork for the global education system. Notably, Al-Qarawiyyin is recognised by UNESCO as the oldest existing degree-granting university, showcasing the enduring significance of these educational pioneers.
"Early Arab universities were not mere schools; they were organized institutions."
"Over 60 percent of the Arab population is under 30, representing a vast reservoir of talent and energy."
Contemporary Recognition
In recent years, Arab universities have begun to gain significant international recognition. This resurgence is evident in two primary areas: global rankings and international professional accreditations.
Universities in the Arab region, especially within the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, are climbing in global rankings such as QS, Times Higher Education, Shanghai and UI GreenMetrics, among others.
Substantial investments in education have led to modern campuses, the recruitment of top-tier professors, and a focus on scientific research. Furthermore, many programmes in engineering, business, law, education and medicine are now achieving international accreditation, enhancing the global competitiveness of graduates.
Despite these advancements, challenges remain. Some institutions still emphasise rote memorisation over critical thinking, and there exists a disconnect between what students learn and the skills that the modern job market demands. Moreover, while scientific research is on the rise, it still requires greater development and funding.
Challenges Facing Arab Universities
The obstacles facing Arab universities are multifaceted and interconnected. A significant issue is the reliance on limited and unpredictable funding, which hampers the ability to conduct cutting-edge research. Without adequate investment, universities struggle to provide modern facilities, access global knowledge, and attract top talent, leading to a cycle of dependency that prioritises teaching large cohorts over innovative research.
Another challenge lies in pedagogy. The traditional teacher-centred model, prevalent in many institutions, stifles essential skills like critical thinking and creativity. This approach discourages collaborative learning and does not align with the demands of today's job market.
Additionally, government policies can act as a double-edged sword. While regulation is necessary, excessive control can stifle innovation and hinder the ability of universities to adapt to changing academic landscapes. The need for a supportive environment that fosters academic freedom and allows institutions to pursue new areas of study is crucial.
Leadership also plays a vital role. When university leaders are selected not on the basis of academic qualifications, it can lead to a lack of strategic vision. Bureaucratic layers often impede progress, causing valuable ideas to be lost in administrative processes.
Isolation from the global academic community poses yet another challenge. Language barriers and a lack of international partnerships limit opportunities for collaboration and student exchanges, contributing to the "brain drain" phenomenon where talented individuals seek better opportunities abroad.
The Path Forward
Despite these challenges, the potential for an academic renaissance is palpable. Over 60 percent of the Arab population is under 30, representing a vast reservoir of talent and energy. If harnessed effectively, this youthful demographic can drive regional transformation. Governments, particularly in the GCC, are making substantial investments in education and research, focusing on critical sectors such as water management, renewable energy, and artificial intelligence.
There is also a growing trend towards educational modernisation, with universities embracing student-centred learning, technological integration and interdisciplinary programmes. Such reforms reflect an understanding of the interconnected nature of modern challenges and the need for innovative solutions.
A new generation of leaders with international experience is emerging, bringing fresh perspectives and a commitment to fostering entrepreneurship and stronger industry ties.
Additionally, Arab universities are forming partnerships with prestigious institutions worldwide, creating opportunities for dual-degree programmes and collaborative research. This can help reverse the brain drain by offering attractive academic prospects at home.
Conclusion
Arab universities boast a rich history and are making significant strides in the contemporary landscape, taking advantage of AI and other technological advancements.
With ongoing support and investment, they can navigate challenges and further solidify their role in global education. The future holds promise, and it is clear that Arab universities will continue to be at the forefront of intellectual progress, serving as beacons of curiosity and innovation for Gen Z, Gen Alpha, and future generations.
Universities are more than just buildings where students earn degrees; they are the very engines of a nation's future. They are where knowledge is preserved, created, and passed on, shaping the next generation of leaders, innovators, and citizens. Arab universities are no exception, embodying the potential to transform the educational landscape and contribute significantly to global knowledge and culture.